官渡金刚宝座塔,原名为妙湛寺妙应兰若塔,亦称穿心塔、金刚塔,位于云南昆明东南的官渡古镇。官渡金刚塔是中国已知建造历史最久的金刚宝座塔,也是中国唯一一座用砂石砌成的石塔,与北京真觉寺、香山碧云寺和呼和浩特五塔寺的金刚塔相比,官渡金刚塔雕工精美程度稍逊,但更为古朴、雅致。
建筑学家梁思成在《漫说佛塔》一文中,专门谈到官渡妙湛寺金刚宝座塔与北京真觉寺塔、西北碧云寺塔同为中国喇嘛塔中的宝贵实例。是研究中国密宗佛教历史、建筑和艺术的极为珍贵的文物。
据塔身西壁的《造塔碑记》记载,官渡金刚塔初建于元至正年间(1341-1367年),明天顺戊寅(1458年)又重建;康熙年间重修。从初建算起已是600年的古物了。比号称中国金刚宝座塔之祖的北京真觉东寺塔还要早。为解决塔体下沉的问题,2002年,文物部门运用工程技术将金刚塔整体顶升了2.6米。
金刚宝座塔的共同特征是,在方形座基上建立5塔,中心塔大,四角塔小,这是密宗金刚部的”曼陀罗”(神坛),供奉金刚五部佛及诸天菩萨。
官渡金刚塔方形金刚宝座上有五座覆钵式椎体佛塔(与北京妙应寺白塔同为尼泊尔佛塔风格),象征金刚界五部部主,居中主塔为大日如来,东面为阿閦佛,南面为宝生佛,西面为阿弥陀佛,北面为不空成就佛。
佛在云南之佛塔(1):官渡金刚塔
塔身北侧的五字真言
官渡金刚塔中心主塔为方基须弥座,须弥座四角力士拱卫,正面浮雕狮、象、双马、孔雀、迦楼罗五佛座骑。座上七圈莲瓣层层奠护,覆钵式塔身四面开眼光门,镌刻四方佛。
塔刹为十三天相轮,有铜锻伞盖,垂八铃铎,刹顶为宝瓶、摩尼珠。如大般若经所言:天花垂盖,宝铎珠幡,绮饰纷纶,甚可爱乐。
金刚塔基台东西南北开四道券门,十字贯通,券洞穹顶嵌铜铸金轮。金轮四角饰云纹,中心浮雕八叶莲花,趺坐八如来,正中独坐大日如来,共九佛,是为“金刚界九会曼荼罗”。
塔身通道内顶部的曼荼罗
mandala on top of the inner passageway
1996年国务院将该塔列为全国重点文物加以保护。
Guandu, is an ancient town in the southeast of kunming, only 5 kilometers away from downtown Kunming. During Yuan dynasty, guandu is an important ferry to the southern bank of dianchi lake.
At western end of the main street in Guandu , there is a vajra-based stupa. The base of the stupa is about 10 meters wide and 4 meters high, with cross-shaped passageway inside the base, people can go through the stupa.
The upper part of stupa is the main stupa surrounded by 4 small stupa. The base of main stupa carved with lion, elephant, horse, peacock and Garuda, each corner with a rikishi.This stupa style actullay is a kind of mandala for Vajrayana Buddhism.
In the west wall of the stupa there is a inscription showed that the stupa was originally built in the Yuan dynasty (1341-1367), and rebuilt in 1458(Ming dynasty) and during the reign of Kangxi Emperor, Qing Dyansty.